ES6 operators

The operator can be defined as a symbol that tells the system to implement a particular operation. In JavaScript, there is a rich set of operators, and by using specific operators, you can perform any particular task.

The operators are used in the expressions for evaluating different operands.

An expression is a kind of statement that returns a value. The expression includes:

• Operators: It is responsible for performing some operations on operands
• Operands: It represents the data.

For example: Suppose an expression like x*y. In this expression, x and y are the operands, and the asterisk (*) symbol is the multiplication operator.

Types of Operators

Operators in JavaScript can be classified as:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Type Operators
• Miscellaneous Operators

Let us try to elaborate on these operators in detail.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are the basic mathematical operators that are available in JavaScript ES6. These operators are responsible for performing all mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, etc. in JavaScript.

For example

In this example, we are using all arithmetic operators that are listed above:

var x = 30; 
var y = 20 ;

console.log("Addition: " + (x + y) );
console.log("Subtraction: " + (x - y) );
console.log("Multiplication: " + (x * y) );
console.log("The Division will give you the quotient: " + (x / y) );
console.log("Modulus will give you the Remainder: " + (x % y) );
// pre-increment 
console.log("Value of x after pre-increment: "  + (++x) );
// post-increment 
console.log("Value of x after post-increment: " + (x++) );
// pre-decrement 
console.log("Value of y after pre-decrement: "  + (--y) );
// post-decrement 
console.log("Value of y after post-decrement: " + (y--) );

Output:

When you execute the above code in the terminal, you will get the following output:

Addition : 50
Subtraction: 10
Multiplication: 600
The division will give you the quotient: 1.5
Modulus will give you the Remainder: 10
Value of x after pre-increment: 31
Value of x after post-increment: 31
Value of y after pre-decrement: 19
Value of y after post-decrement: 19

Relational Operators

Relational operators are used for comparing the two values and return either true or false based on the expression. These operators are sometimes called Comparison Operators.

For example:

In this example, we are using all relational operators that are listed above

var x = 20; 
var y = 15; 

console.log("Value of x: " + x); 
console.log("Value of y: " + y); 
var result = x > y; 
console.log("x is greater than y: " + result); 
result = x < y; 
console.log("x is smaller than y: " + result); 
result = x >= y; 
console.log("x is greater than or equal to  y: " + result); 
result = x <= y; 
console.log("x is smaller than or equal to y: " + result); 
result = x == y; 
console.log("x is equal to y: " + result); 
result = x != y; 
console.log("x not equal to  y: " + result);

Output:

When you execute this code in the terminal, you will get the following output:

Value of x: 20
Value of y: 15
x is greater than y: true
x is smaller than y: false
x is greater than or equal to  y: true
x is smaller than or equal to y: false
x is equal to y: false
x not equal to  y: true

Logical Operators

Logical operators are generally used for combining two or more relational statements. They also return Boolean values.

For example:

In this example, we are using all logical operators that are listed above.

var x = 30; 
var y = 80; 

console.log("Value of x = " + x );
console.log("Value of y = " + y );

var result = ((x < 40) && (y <= 90)); 
console.log("(x < 40) && (y <= 90): ", result); 

var result = ((x == 50) || (y > 80)); 
console.log("(x == 50) || (y > 80): ", result); 

var result = !((x > 20) && (y >= 80)); 
console.log("!((x > 20) && (y >= 80)): ", result);

Output:

Value of x = 30
Value of y = 80
(x < 40) && (y <= 90):  true
(x == 50) || (y > 80):  false
!((x > 20) && (y >= 80)):  false

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used for assigning a value to the variable. The operand on the left side of the assignment operator is a variable, and the operand on the right side of the assignment operator is a value.

The right-side value must be of the same data-type of the left-side variable; otherwise, the compiler will raise an error.

For example:

In this example, we are using all logical operators that are listed above.

var x = 20; 
var y = 40; 

x = y;
console.log("After assignment the value of x is:  " + x); 

x += y; 
console.log("x+=y: " + x); 

x -= y; 
console.log("x-=y: " + x); 

x *= y; 
console.log("x*=y: " + x); 

x /= y; 
console.log("x/=y: " + x); 

x %= y; 
console.log("x%=y: " + x);

Output:

After assignment the value of x is:  40 
x+=y: 80
x-=y: 40
x*=y: 1600
x/=y: 40
x%=y: 0

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used for performing the bitwise operations on binary numerals or bit patterns that involve the manipulation of individual bits. Bitwise operators perform the operation on the binary representation of arguments

Generally, bitwise operators are less used and relevant for the applications and hyper-performance programs.

For example:

In this example, we are using all logical operators that are listed above.

var x = 70;	/* 70 = 0100 0110 */
var y = 80;	/* 80 = 0101 0000 */
var res = 0;

console.log("Value of 70 in binary 0100 0110" );
console.log("Value of 80 in binary 0101 0000" );


res = x & y;       /* 64 = 0100 0000 */
console.log("Value of x & y = %d\n", res );

res = x | y;       /* 86 = 0101 0110 */
console.log("Value of x | y = %d\n", res );

res = x ^ y;       /* 22 = 0001 0110 */
console.log("Value of x ^ y = %d\n", res );

res = ~x;          /*-71 = -0100 0111 */
console.log("Value of ~ x = %d\n", res );

res = x << 2;     /* 280 = 1000 11000 */
console.log("Value of x << 2 = %d\n", res );
res = x >> 2;     /* 17 = 0001 0001 */
console.log("Value of x >> 2 = %d\n", res );

Output:

Value of 70 in binary 0100 0110
Value of 80 in binary 0101 0000
Value of x & y = 64

Value of x | y = 86

Value of x ^ y = 22

Value of ~ x = -71

Value of x << 2 = 280

Value of x >> 2 = 17

Note: The logic of assignment operators is also applied to Bitwise operators, so they become <<=, >>=, &=, |=, ^=.

Miscellaneous Operators

These are the operators that perform different operations in different circumstances.

Let us try to understand the miscellaneous operators in detail:

The Negation Operator (-)

It is used to change the sign of the value.

For example:

var num1 = 80;
var num2 = -num1;
console.log("Value of num1 = " +num1); // It will give 80
console.log("Value of num2 = " +num2); // It will give -80

Output:

Value of num1 = 80
Value of num2 = -80

The Concatenation Operator (+)

It applies on strings and appends the second string to first. You can understand it by using the following example:

Example:

var str1 = 'Hello' + 'World';
var str2 = 'Welcome ' + 'Back';
console.log(str1);
console.log(str2);

Output:

HelloWorld
Welcome Back

The concatenation operator does not add the space between the strings. It concatenates multiple strings in a single statement. If you want to show the space between your strings, then you have to define it manually. In the above example, the string "HelloWorld" does not contain any space, but the second string "Welcome Back" has space because we have manually added it.

The Conditional Operator (?)

This operator represents the conditional expression. It is also called the 'ternary operator.'

Syntax:

variablename = (condition) ? value1 : value2

Where,

condition: It refers to the conditional expression.

value1: If the condition is true, then this value will be returned.

value2: If the condition is false, then this value will be returned.

Example:

var num1 = 30;
var num2 = 20;
var res = num1 > num2 ? "Yes 30 is greater than 20" : "No It's not";
console.log(res);

Output:

Yes 30 is greater than 20

Type Operators

It is a unary operator that returns the data type of the operand.

Syntax:

typeof(operand)

You can see the data types and values in the following table that are returned by the typeof operator in JavaScript:

Example:

var a = 20;
var b = true;
var c = 'Hello';
var d = 'true';
var e;
console.log("Variable a is " +typeof(a));
console.log("Variable b is " +typeof(b));
console.log("Variable c is a " +typeof(c));
console.log("Variable d is a " +typeof(d));
console.log("Variable e is " +typeof(e));

Output:

Variable a is number
Variable b is boolean
Variable c is a string
Variable d is a string
Variable e is undefined

In the above example, the variable e is not defined (or not initialized); that's why the typeof operator is giving its type undefined.

If you take the Boolean Values within the quotes, then they will be treated as a string as you can see the variable 'd' in the above example.