Computer Network Models

A communication subsystem is a complex piece of Hardware and software. Early attempts for implementing the software for such subsystems were based on a single, complex, unstructured program with many interacting components. The resultant software was very difficult to test and modify. To overcome such problem, the ISO has developed a layered approach. In a layered approach, networking concept is divided into several layers, and each layer is assigned a particular task. Therefore, we can say that networking tasks depend upon the layers.

Layered Architecture

• The main aim of the layered architecture is to divide the design into small pieces.
• Each lower layer adds its services to the higher layer to provide a full set of services to manage communications and run the applications.
• It provides modularity and clear interfaces, i.e., provides interaction between subsystems.
• It ensures the independence between layers by providing the services from lower to higher layer without defining how the services are implemented. Therefore, any modification in a layer will not affect the other layers.
• The number of layers, functions, contents of each layer will vary from network to network. However, the purpose of each layer is to provide the service from lower to a higher layer and hiding the details from the layers of how the services are implemented.
• The basic elements of layered architecture are services, protocols, and interfaces.
  • Service: It is a set of actions that a layer provides to the higher layer.
  • Protocol: It defines a set of rules that a layer uses to exchange the information with peer entity. These rules mainly concern about both the contents and order of the messages used.
  • Interface: It is a way through which the message is transferred from one layer to another layer.
• In a layer n architecture, layer n on one machine will have a communication with the layer n on another machine and the rules used in a conversation are known as a layer-n protocol.

Let's take an example of the five-layered architecture.

• In case of layered architecture, no data is transferred from layer n of one machine to layer n of another machine. Instead, each layer passes the data to the layer immediately just below it, until the lowest layer is reached.
• Below layer 1 is the physical medium through which the actual communication takes place.
• In a layered architecture, unmanageable tasks are divided into several small and manageable tasks.
• The data is passed from the upper layer to lower layer through an interface. A Layered architecture provides a clean-cut interface so that minimum information is shared among different layers. It also ensures that the implementation of one layer can be easily replaced by another implementation.
• A set of layers and protocols is known as network architecture.

Why do we require Layered architecture?

• Divide-and-conquer approach: Divide-and-conquer approach makes a design process in such a way that the unmanageable tasks are divided into small and manageable tasks. In short, we can say that this approach reduces the complexity of the design.
• Modularity: Layered architecture is more modular. Modularity provides the independence of layers, which is easier to understand and implement.
• Easy to modify: It ensures the independence of layers so that implementation in one layer can be changed without affecting other layers.
• Easy to test: Each layer of the layered architecture can be analyzed and tested individually.