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C# abstract Keyword
Understand abstract methods and classes. Abstract things cannot have implementations or be instantiated.A template. We use an abstract class to create a base template for derived classes. With abstract, we enforce a design rule at the level of the compiler.
An intro. We introduce first an abstract class named Test. Two other classes derive from Test: the Example1 and Example2 classes. In the Test class, we have a field, and an abstract method.
Methods: Abstract methods cannot have bodies. This makes sense: these bodies would never be used.
Classes: Abstract classes have certain restrictions. They cannot be constructed directly.
Note: When we derive a class like Example1 or Example2, we must provide override methods for all abstract methods in the abstract class.
Tip: In this program, the A() method in both derived classes satisfies this requirement.
C# program that uses abstract class
using System;
abstract class Test
{
public int _a;
public abstract void A();
}
class Example1 : Test
{
public override void A()
{
Console.WriteLine("Example1.A");
base._a++;
}
}
class Example2 : Test
{
public override void A()
{
Console.WriteLine("Example2.A");
base._a--;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
// Reference Example1 through Test type.
Test test1 = new Example1();
test1.A();
// Reference Example2 through Test type.
Test test2 = new Example2();
test2.A();
}
}
Output
Example1.A
Example2.A
Error, abstract member. We must provide an "override" method for abstract methods. Here Example1 does not implement the "A" method and the compiler does not like this.
C# program that causes compilation error
abstract class Test
{
public abstract void A();
}
class Example1 : Test
{
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
}
}
Output
error CS0534:
'Example1' does not implement inherited abstract member 'Test.A()'
Notes, field. An abstract class can have an instance field in it. The derived classes can access this field through "base." This is a key difference between abstract classes and interfaces.Base
Notes, instantiation. The important part of an abstract class is that you can never use it separately from a derived class. It can only be used through another class.
A discussion. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface? An abstract class can have fields on it. These fields can be referenced through the derived classes.
And: An interface cannot have fields. An abstract class is the same thing as an interface except it is a class, not just a contract.
Static class. A static class cannot be abstract. Static classes cannot be instantiated or derived from. This makes the abstract keyword have no meaning for them.Static
Performance. In my testing, abstract classes with virtual methods have better performance than interface implementation in the .NET Framework 4.0.
Tip: We show that performance remains the same with an abstract class instead of a regular class.
InterfaceDesign. Often programs that use abstract classes are designed better. Less code duplication occurs. With less code, we tend to have higher-quality and better-tested code.
So: In solving the problem of code duplication among many object types, abstract classes help improve code quality and performance.
A summary. An abstract class is not directly instantiated. Instead, derived classes must inherit from it. Compared to an interface, it adds features and improves performance.
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- C# SelectMany Example: LINQ
- C# Sentinel Optimization
- C# SequenceEqual Method (If Two Arrays Are Equal)
- C# Shift Operators (Bitwise)
- C# Short and ushort Types
- C# Single Method: Get Element If Only One Matches
- C# SingleOrDefault
- C# Singleton Pattern Versus Static Class
- C# Singleton Class
- C# sizeof Keyword
- C# Skip and SkipWhile Examples
- C# Sleep Method (Pause)
- C# Sort Dictionary: Keys and Values
- C# Sort by File Size
- C# Sort, Ignore Leading Chars
- C# Sort KeyValuePair List: CompareTo
- C# Sort Strings by Length
- C# Thread.SpinWait Example
- C# Math.Sqrt Method
- C# stackalloc Operator
- C# StackOverflowException
- C# StartsWith and EndsWith String Methods
- C# Static Array
- C# Static Dictionary
- C# Stopwatch Examples
- C# Stream
- C# StreamReader ReadToEnd Example (Read Entire File)
- C# StreamReader ReadToEndAsync Example (Performance)
- C# StreamReader Examples
- C# StreamWriter Examples
- C# String Append (Add Strings)
- C# String Compare and CompareTo Methods
- C# String Constructor (new string)
- C# string.Copy Method
- C# CopyTo String Method: Put Chars in Array
- C# Empty String Examples
- C# String Equals Examples
- C# String For Loop, Count Spaces in String
- C# string.Intern and IsInterned
- C# String IsUpper, IsLower
- C# String Length Property: Get Character Count
- C# String Literal: Newline and Quote Examples
- C# StringBuilder Capacity
- C# StringBuilder Clear (Set Length to Zero)
- C# StringBuilder Data Types
- C# StringBuilder Performance
- C# StringBuilder Equals (If Chars Are Equal)
- C# StringBuilder Memory
- C# StringBuilder ToString: Get String From StringBuilder
- C# StringWriter Class
- C# Sum Method: Add up All Numbers
- C# Switch Char, Test Chars With Cases
- C# Switch Enum
- C# System (using System namespace)
- C# Tag Property: Windows Forms
- C# TextInfo Examples
- C# TextReader, Returned by File.OpenText
- C# TextWriter, Returned by File.CreateText
- C# this Keyword
- C# ThreadPool
- C# Thread Join Method (Join Array of Threads)
- C# ThreadPool.SetMinThreads Method
- C# TimeZone Examples
- C# Get Title From HTML With Regex
- C# ToArray Extension Method
- C# ToCharArray: Convert String to Array
- C# ToDictionary Method
- C# Token
- C# ToList Extension Method
- C# ToLookup Method (Get ILookup)
- C# ToLower and ToUpper: Uppercase and Lowercase Strings
- ToolStripContainer Control: Dock, Properties
- C# ToolTip: Windows Forms
- C# ToString Integer Optimization
- C# ToString: Get String From Object
- C# ToTitleCase Method
- C# TrackBar: Windows Forms
- C# Tree and Nodes Example: Directed Acyclic Word Graph
- C# TreeView Tutorial
- C# Trim Strings
- C# Thread Methods
- C# History
- C# Features
- C# Variables
- C# Data Types
- C# Operators
- C# Keywords
- C# New Features | C# Version Features
- C# Programs
- C# Program to swap numbers without third variable
- C# Program to convert Decimal to Binary
- C# Program to Convert Number in Characters
- C# Program to Print Alphabet Triangle
- C# Program to print Number Triangle
- C# Program to generate Fibonacci Triangle
- C# String Compare() method
- C# String CompareOrdinal() method
- C# String CompareTo() method
- C# String Concat() method
- C# String Contains() method
- C# String CopyTo() method
- C# String EndsWith() method
- C# String Equals() method
- C# String Format() method
- C# String IndexOf() method
- C# String Insert() method
- C# String Intern(String str) method
- C# String IsInterned() method
- C# String Normalize() method
- C# String IsNullOrEmpty() method
- C# String IsNullOrWhiteSpace() method
- C# String Join() method
- C# String LastIndexOf() method
- C# String LastIndexOfAny() method
- C# String PadLeft() method
- C# String PadRight() method
- C# Nullable
- C# String Remove() method
- C# String Replace() method
- C# String Split() method
- C# String StartsWith() method
- C# String SubString() method
- C# Partial Types
- C# Iterators
- C# Delegate Covariance
- C# Delegate Inference
- C# Anonymous Types
- C# Extension Methods
- C# Query Expression
- C# Partial Method
- C# Implicitly Typed Local Variable
- C# Object and Collection Initializer
- C# Auto Implemented Properties
- C# Dynamic Binding
- C# Named and Optional Arguments
- C# Asynchronous Methods
- C# Caller Info Attributes
- C# Using Static Directive
- C# Exception Filters
- C# Await in Catch Finally Blocks
- C# Default Values for Getter Only Properties
- C# Expression Bodied Members
- C# Null Propagator
- C# String Interpolation
- C# nameof operator
- C# Dictionary Initializer
- C# Pattern Matching
- C# Tuples
- C# Deconstruction
- C# Local Functions
- C# Binary Literals
- C# Ref Returns and Locals
- C# Expression Bodied Constructors and Finalizers
- C# Expression Bodied Getters and Setters
- C# Async Main
- C# Default Expression